offend: may indicate a violation, often inadvertent, of the victim's sense of what is proper and fitting: hoped my remarks had not ~ed her.  在葛底斯堡演说中，林肯说"it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this我们这样做是完全适合的，恰当的"


outrage: implies offending beyond endurance and calling forth extreme feelings: corruption that ~s every citizen.


affront: implies treating with deliberate rudeness or contemptuous indifference to courtesy: a movie that ~ your intelligence. affront death临死不惧


insult: suggests wanton and deliberate causing of humiliation, hurt pride, or shame: managed to ~ every guest at the party.   （wanton肆意蛮横implies causing harm or damage deliberately and for no acceptable reason，如wanton destruction肆意破坏，如wanton disregard for human life全然不顾他人死活，wanton aggression肆意侵略）


offend冒犯: 指违反他人观感，让人觉得不恰当不适合 (fitting,proper)，可能并非故意，outrage令人愤慨: 指让人难以忍受的冒犯，引人极度愤慨，affront侮辱: 指故意粗鲁无礼对待，insult侮辱: 指肆意专门羞辱耻辱


记忆方法: 1）首字母ooai想成out of an idiot来自蠢货<==冒犯他人

         2）冒犯的意思是使人感情受伤或愤恨mean to cause hurt feeling or deep resentment.        （resent愤恨implies a long lasting indignation or ill will，一般比offense冒犯的时间长程度深，但比hatred仇恨程度浅，如harbored a life-long resentment of his brother终生对哥哥心怀愤恨）