voluntary: implies freedom and spontaneity of choice or action without external compulsion: ~ enlistment in the armed services.


intentional: stresses an awareness of an end to be achieved: the ~ concealment of Vital information.


deliberate: implies full consciousness of the nature of one's act and its consequences: the ~ sabotaging of a nuclear plant.


willful: adds to deliberate the implication of an obstinate determination to follow one's own will or choice: ~ ignorance.


willing: implies a readiness and eagerness to accede to or anticipate the wishes of another: a ~ accomplice in a bank robbery. （anticipate预先考虑并满足What Jeff did was to anticipate my next question杰夫预先回答了我的下一个问题）


Voluntary志愿自愿: 表示自由自发，没有外部强迫，intentional有意: 知道(aware知道觉察)要达到的目的，deliberate故意: 完全知道(conscious知道意识到)自己行为性质和后果，willful固执: 增加了固执己见(obstinate determination to follow...)的意思，willing自愿: 有准备的积极的顺从满足(accede to让步同意)他人愿望。


记忆方法：1）首字母VIDWW中用Y替换一个W，重组成DIY VW: 自己修理大众车<==出于自愿


          2）自愿的意思是出于自己的意志或愿望mean done or brought about  of one's own will.
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