effect: designate sth. that directly and necessarily follows upon OR occurs by reason of a cause: the ~ of radiation on the body.


consequence: implies a direct but looser or remoter connection with a cause, and usually implies the cause is NO longer operating: a single act that had far-reaching ~.


result: applies often to the last in a series of effects:  the END ~ was A growth in business.


issue: applies to a result that ends or solves a problem, difficulty or conflict: a successful ~ that rendered all the controversy moot.


outcome: suggest the final result of a complex and conflicting causes or forces: the ~ of generations of controlled breeding.


effect因果关系中的"果",cause的反义词:跟随或导致的直接且必然现象，consequence: 因果关系持久(looser remoter)，甚至起因已消失，result: 一系列结果中的最后一个，issue: 强调解决了问题，outcome指复杂矛盾的起因的最终结果。


记忆方法: 1) 首字母联想IRECO,想象成IVECO，南京依维柯汽车(把R变成V，发音相似)。


         2) cause and effect是固定搭配: 因果关系。

   
         3) 结果的意思是由原因造成（可追溯到原因的）的状态或事件mean a condition or occurence traceable to a cause.